Behavioral Ecology Blog

Germ-line chimerism and paternal care in marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii)

The formation of viable genetic chimeras in mammals through the transfer of cells between siblings in utero is rare. Using microsatellite DNA markers, we show here that chimerism in marmoset (Callithrix kuhlii) twins is not limited to blood-derived hematopoietic tissues as was previously described. All somatic tissue types sampled were found to be chimeric. Notably, chimerism was demonstrated to be present in germ-line tissues, an event never before documented as naturally occurring in a primate. In fact, we found that chimeric marmosets often transmit sibling alleles acquired in utero to their own offspring. Thus, an individual that contributes gametes to an offspring is not necessarily the genetic parent of that offspring. The presence of somatic and germ-line chimerism may have influenced the evolution of the extensive paternal and alloparental care system of this taxon. Although the exact mechanisms of sociobiological change associated with chimerism have not been fully explored, we show here that chimerism alters relatedness between twins and may alter the perceived relatedness between family members, thus influencing the allocation of parental care. Consistent with this prediction, we found a significant correlation between paternal care effort and the presence of epithelial chimerism, with males carrying chimeric infants more often than nonchimeric infants. Therefore, we propose that the presence of placental chorionic fusion and the exchange of cell lines between embryos may represent a unique adaptation affecting the evolution of cooperative care in this group of primates.

So basically, you might be the biological father, but be related to the offspring less than 1/2, which is very bizzare.

Different hairs from the same marmoset had different genetic fingerprints. Some of it matched the DNA of the marmoset’s twin.

Working with Dr. French and Guillermo Orti, a University of Nebraska geneticist, Dr. Ross then studied other tissues from marmosets. “We found chimerism throughout everything,” she said.

The pattern was different from one marmoset to the next. “A single individual might be chimeric for hair and liver, for example, and not for anything else,” Dr. Ross said.

One of the most surprising results of the study is that over half of male marmosets have chimeric sperm. Dr. Ross and her colleagues discovered cases in which the DNA of male marmosets turned up in babies supposedly fathered by their fraternal twins. In other words, the sperm came from one male, but it had the DNA of the male’s brother. A paternity test would show that the baby’s genetic father was actually its uncle. The scientists were not able to isolate DNA from marmoset eggs, but they did find that 2 out of 21 marmoset ovaries were chimeric. It’s possible that a female marmoset can give birth to nephews and nieces.